Hospitalizaciones evitables por problemas de salud sensibles a cuidados ambulatorios: construcción y validación de la lista Uruguaya de patologías

Introducción: Las hospitalizaciones por Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions es un indicador que mide la utilización de los servicios hospitalarios por problemas de salud que podrían haber sido prevenidos en el primer nivel de atención. El concepto se refiere a los procesos en que la atención ambulatoria efectiva puede ayudar a disminuir los riesgos de hospitalización, en un segundo nivel de atención. El objetivo del estudio fue construir y validar una lista uruguaya de problemas de salud sensibles a cuidados ambulatorios (PSSCA) según CIE-10. Metodología: Para la construcción de la lista inicial de códigos de PSSCA se realizó una revisión de los listados existentes y se propuso un listado inicial que fue validado a través del Método Delphi. Se propone un listado de 99 códigos diagnósticos de PSSCA adaptado a nuestro entono sanitario. Los mismos permiten identificar y cuantificar problemas de salud que pueden producir hospitalizaciones potenciamente evitables mediante cuidados ambulatorios accesibes y oportunos en el primer nivel de atención. Resultados: Se conformó un panel de 12 expertos. A partir de los datos obtenidos, considerando los 99 diagnósticos clasificados por CIE-10, éstos se pueden subclasificar en función de si la patología es infecciosa o no, obteniendo un resultado general de 62 patologías en un total de 99 que pueden ser clasificadas como infecciosas, lo que se corresponde a un 62 %. Discusión: De la comparación de la lista uruguaya de PSSCA a la que hemos arribado y las listas validadas utilizadas para la construcción inicial del listado de patologías propuesto, podemos decir que la primera presenta un mayor porcentaje de coincidencia con la lista de patologías de Bello Horizonte. Podemos mencionar que la mayoría de los problemas de salud identificados con base en el listado de PSSCA, son sensibles de ser resueltos con la atención primaria oportuna y de calidad que podría evitar o disminuir de una manera significativa su hospitalización. Conclusiones: Este trabajo describe el proceso de construcción y validación de una lista de códigos de PSSCA adaptados al contexto uruguayo a través del método Delphi. Hemos arribado a un listado que comprende un total de 99 diagnósticos, agrupadas en un total de diecinueve categorías que considera la especificidad del contexto uruguayo del indicador.

Introduction: Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions is an indicator that measures the use of hospital services for health problems that could have been prevented at the first level of care. The concept refers to the processes in which effective outpatient care can help reduce the risks of hospitalization, at a second level of care. The objective of the study was to build and validate a Uruguayan list of health problems sensitive to outpatient care (PSS-CA) according to ICD-10. Methodology: To construct the initial list of PSSCA codes, a review of the existing lists was carried out and an initial list was proposed that was validated through the Delphi Method. A list of 99 PSSCA diagnostic codes adapted to our healthcare environment is proposed. They make it possible to identify and quantify health problems that can lead to potentially avoidable hospitalizations through accessible and timely outpatient care at the first level of care. Results: A panel of 12 experts was formed. From the data obtained, considering the 99 diagnoses classified by ICD-10, these can be subclassified depending on whether the pathology is infectious or not, obtaining a general result of 62 pathologies in a total of 99 that can be classified as infectious, which corresponds to 62%. Discussion: From the comparison of the Uruguayan list of PSSCA that we have arrived at and the validated lists used for the initial construction of the proposed list of pathologies, we can say that the first presents a higher percentage of coincidence with the list of pathologies of Bello Horizonte . We can mention that most of the health problems identified based on the PSSCA list are sensitive to being resolved with timely and quality primary care that could prevent or significantly reduce hospitalization. Conclusions: This work describes the process of construction and validation of a list of PSSCA codes adapted to the Uruguayan context through the Delphi method. We have arrived at a list that includes a total of 99 diagnoses, grouped into a total of nineteen categories that consider the specificity of the Uruguayan context of the indicator.

Introdução: As Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Ambulatorial são um indicador que mede a utilização de serviços hospitalares para problemas de saúde que poderiam ter sido evitados no primeiro nível de atenção. O conceito refere-se aos processos em que um atendimento ambulatorial eficaz pode auxiliar na redução dos riscos de internação, em um segundo nível de atenção. O objetivo do estudo foi construir e validar uma lista uruguaia de problemas de saúde sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial (PSS-CA) segundo a CID-10. Metodologia: Para construir a lista inicial de códigos PSSCA foi realizada uma revisão das listas existentes e foi proposta uma lista inicial que foi validada através do Método Delphi. É proposta uma lista de 99 códigos de diagnóstico PSSCA adaptados ao nosso ambiente de saúde. Permitem identificar e quantificar problemas de saúde que podem levar a hospitalizações potencialmente evitáveis ​​através de cuidados ambulatórios acessíveis e oportunos no primeiro nível de cuidados. Resultados: Foi formado um painel de 12 especialistas. A partir dos dados obtidos, considerando os 99 diagnósticos classificados pela CID-10, estes podem ser subclassificados consoante a patologia seja infecciosa ou não, obtendo-se um resultado geral de 62 patologias num total de 99 que podem ser classificadas como infecciosas, o que corresponde para 62%. Discussão: A partir da comparação da lista uruguaia de PSSCA a que chegamos e das listas validadas utilizadas para a construção inicial da lista de patologias proposta, podemos dizer que a primeira apresenta um maior percentual de coincidência com a lista de patologias de Belo Horizonte. Podemos mencionar que a maioria dos problemas de saúde identificados com base na lista PSSCA são sensíveis para serem resolvidos com cuidados primários oportunos e de qualidade que possam prevenir ou reduzir significativamente a hospitalização. Conclusões: Este trabalho descreve o processo de construção e validação de uma lista de códigos PSSCA adaptados ao contexto uruguaio através do método Delphi. Chegamos a uma lista que inclui um total de 99 diagnósticos, agrupados em um total de dezenove categorias que consideram a especificidade do contexto uruguaio do indicador.

Síndrome de Duane: a propósito de un caso / Duane syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Duane es una enfermedad poco frecuente en la cual se observa retracción del globo ocular y limitación de los movimientos horizontales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 11 años que acudió a Urgencias debido a una desviación ocular supuestamente de reciente instauración. En la exploración se objetiva un déficit en la abducción y la aducción, así como cierre de la fisura palpebral en la aducción forzada. Se diagnostica de síndrome de Duane tipo III y se decide manejo conservador con observación y seguimiento (AU)

Duane syndrome is a rare condition, whose clinical presentation involves retraction of the eyeball upon attempted abduction, and limitation of horizontal movements. We present the case of an 11-year-old patient who presented to the Emergency Department with a recent-onset ocular deviation. Examination revealed a deficit in abduction and adduction, as well as closure of the palpebral fissure in forced adduction. The patient was diagnosed with Duane syndrome type III, and conservative management with observation and follow up was decided. (AU)

Surveillance of severe maternal morbidity and maternal mortality in maternity hospitals of the Latin American and Caribbean network - Red CLAP: study protocol.

The sustained reduction in maternal mortality in America underlines the need to analyse women who survived a complication that could have been fatal if appropriate and timely care had not been taken. Analysis of maternal near-miss (MNM) cases, as well as potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), are considered indicators for monitoring the quality of maternal care. The specific objective of this study protocol is to develop a surveillance system for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality, as primary outcomes, in Latin American and Caribbean maternal healthcare institutions. Secondarily, the study was designed to identify factors associated with these conditions and estimate how often key evidence-based interventions were used for managing severe maternal morbidity. This is a multicenter cross-sectional study with prospective data collection. The target population consists of all women admitted to health centres participating in the network during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period. Variables describing the sequence of events that may result in a PLTC, MNM or maternal death are recorded. Relevant quality control is carried out to ensure the quality of the database and confidentiality. Centres with approximately 2,500 annual deliveries will be included to achieve a sufficient number of cases for calculation of indicators. The frequency of outcome measures for PLTC, MNM and maternal mortality and their confidence intervals and differences between groups will be calculated using the most appropriate statistical tests. Similar procedures will be performed with variables describing the use of evidence-based practices. Networking creates additional possibilities for global information management and interaction between different research groups. Lessons can be learned and shared, generating scientific knowledge to address relevant health problems throughout the region with provision of efficient data management.

Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 genomic populations on a country-wide scale through targeted sequencing.

SARS-CoV-2 surveillance of viral populations in wastewater samples is recognized as a useful tool for monitoring epidemic waves and boosting health preparedness. Next generation sequencing of viral RNA isolated from wastewater is a convenient and cost-effective strategy to understand the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and provide insights on the population dynamics of viral variants at the community level. However, in low- and middle-income countries, isolated groups have performed wastewater monitoring and data has not been extensively shared in the scientific community. Here we report the results of monitoring the co-circulation and abundance of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 in Uruguay, a small country in Latin America, between November 2020-July 2021 using wastewater surveillance. RNA isolated from wastewater was characterized by targeted sequencing of the Receptor Binding Domain region within the spike gene. Two computational approaches were used to track the viral variants. The results of the wastewater analysis showed the transition in the overall predominance of viral variants in wastewater from No-VOCs to successive VOCs, in agreement with clinical surveillance from sequencing of nasal swabs. The mutations K417T, E484K and N501Y, that characterize the Gamma VOC, were detected as early as December 2020, several weeks before the first clinical case was reported. Interestingly, a non-synonymous mutation described in the Delta VOC, L452R, was detected at a very low frequency since April 2021 when using a recently described sequence analysis tool (SAM Refiner). Wastewater NGS-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is a reliable and complementary tool for monitoring the introduction and prevalence of VOCs at a community level allowing early public health decisions. This approach allows the tracking of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, who are generally under-reported in countries with limited clinical testing capacity. Our results suggests that wastewater-based epidemiology can contribute to improving public health responses in low- and middle-income countries.

COVID-19 mitigation measures increase preterm birth and low birth weight in the public healthcare system in Uruguay.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on preterm birth (PB) and low birth weight (LBW), comparing public and private healthcare systems of the National Integrated Health System in Uruguay, where the mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic generated an immediate socioeconomic and psychological crisis, which caused a sharp widening of existing socioeconomic inequalities. METHODS: A national observational study was conducted comparing perinatal outcomes in the first 6 months of 2020 (period of the pandemic without pregnancy infections), which was the beginning of the pandemic, with the same period of the previous year 2019 (pre-pandemic period with no mitigation measures) among pregnant women from the public and private health systems. Data were retrieved from the national database (Informatic Perinatal System) and analyzed by healthcare system category. RESULTS: A total of 36 559 deliveries were assessed: 18 563 in the 2019 study period and 17 996 in the 2020 study period. In the public system, there was a significant increase in the risk of LBW (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.36) and of the composite outcome (PB or LBW) (aRR 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.26). In the private system, by contrast, there was a non-statistically significant decrease of LBW and there were no changes in the incidence of PB and the composite outcome in 2020. CONCLUSION: The different evolution of birth outcomes in the public and private systems suggests an unequal impact of mitigation measures on populations of different socioeconomic levels. Given that no COVID-19 infections were identified in pregnant women during the study period, this research offers an opportunity to differentiate the biologic effects of the virus from the psychological and social impacts derived from containment measures. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT05087160.

Predicting severe maternal outcomes in a network of sentinel sites in Latin-American countries.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine incidences of potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near misses (MNM), and maternal deaths (MD) in women who gave birth in participating facilities, and to determine the probability that a pregnancy involving a PLTC would evolve into an MNM and/or an MD. METHODS: This was a multicentric observational study implemented on a maternal network from August 2018 to May 2019 in five Latin-American countries. We summarized categorical variables as frequencies and continuous variables with median, interquartile range, and standard deviations. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated and multivariate predictive models were built. RESULTS: There were 33 901 deliveries and miscarriages, of which 8.0% had at least one PLTC and 0.6% had an MNM. Hypertensive disorder was the most frequent condition to evolve into a severe maternal outcome. CONCLUSION: Identifying PLTC can help to prevent MNM and MD. The inclusion of these predictors in a real-time data registration system like the Perinatal Informatic System could work as a surveillance tool for early detection, leading to a reduction in the rate of worsening conditions.

Adverse events associated with the use of recommended vaccines during pregnancy: An overview of systematic reviews.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal immunization is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in pregnant women and their newborns. Updated evidence synthesis of maternal-fetal outcomes is constantly needed to ensure that the risk-benefit of vaccination during pregnancy remains positive. METHODS: An overview of systematic reviews (OoSRs) was performed. We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE and EMBASE for SRs including recommended vaccines for maternal immunization reporting the following: abortion, stillbirth, chorioamnionitis, congenital anomalies, microcephaly, neonatal death, neonatal infection, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), maternal death and small for gestational age (SGA) from 2010 to April 2019. Quality and overlap of SRs was assessed. RESULTS: Seventeen SRs were identified, eight of them included meta-analysis; quality was high in three SRs, moderate in six SRs, low in two SRs, and critically low in six SRs. Stillbirth and PTB were the most frequently reported outcomes by 15 and 13 SRs, respectively, followed by abortion (9 SRs), congenital anomalies (9 SRs), SGA (8 SRs), neonatal death (8 SRs), LBW (4 SRs), chorioamnionitis (3 SRs), maternal death (1 SR). SRs included mainly observational evidence for influenza and Tdap vaccines (11 SRs and 4 SRs, respectively); limited evidence was found for hepatitis (1 SR), yellow fever (1 SR), and meningococcal (1 SR) vaccines. Most of the SRs found no effect. Eight SRs found benefit/protection of influenza vaccine (for stillbirth, neonatal death, preterm birth, LBW), or Tdap vaccine (for preterm birth and SGA); one found a probable risk (chorioamnionitis/Tdap). The SRs for Hepatitis B, meningococcal and yellow fever vaccines were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Definite risks were not identified for any vaccine and outcome; however better evidence is needed for all outcomes and vaccines. The available evidence in the SRs to support vaccine safety was based mainly on observational data. More RCTs with adequate reporting of maternal-fetal outcomes and larger high-quality observational studies are needed.

Irritable bowel syndrome in celiac disease - relationships to celiac disease antibodies and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that low-grade inflammation can alter gastrointestinal motor and sensory function and might contribute to the genesis of symptoms in IBS. OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between IBS, disease antibodies and cytokine titers in celiac patients and a control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IBS, CD activity and serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL12/23p40 were determined in celiac patients and controls. RESULTS: 123 celiac patients were included, 89% were female. 59% demonstrated disease activity and 32% met IBS criteria. Prevalence of IBS was not different between patients who adhered or did not adhere to GFD as well as between patients with or without positive antibodies. Celiac patients had increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL12/23p40 as compared to controls. Higher levels of cytokines were found in celiac patients with IBS than in those without IBS. No difference in levels of cytokines was found between patients with and without CD positive antibodies. A significant negative correlation between the mental component of QoL and IL-6 and IL12/23p40 levels was found, but not with IL-8. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines were found in CD patients with IBS than in either those without IBS or controls, indicating that IBS symptoms are associated with an increase in the inflammatory response and a decrease in quality of life of CD patients. These differences in cytokine levels were not related to CD antibodies status suggesting that IBS, in CD, is related to a different inflammatory process than that which is relevant to CD.

Irritable bowel syndrome in celiac disease - relationships to celiac disease antibodies and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines / Síndrome del intestino irritable en la enfermedad celíaca: relaciones con los anticuerpos contra la enfermedad celíaca y los niveles de citocinas proinflamatorias

ABSTRACT Background: Evidence indicates that low-grade inflammation can alter gastrointestinal motor and sensory function and might contribute to the genesis of symptoms in IBS. Objective: To examine relationships between IBS, disease antibodies and cytokine titers in celiac patients and a control group. Materials and methods: IBS, CD activity and serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL12/23p40 were determined in celiac patients and controls. Results: 123 celiac patients were included, 89% were female. 59% demonstrated disease activity and 32% met IBS criteria. Prevalence of IBS was not different between patients who adhered or did not adhere to GFD as well as between patients with or without positive antibodies. Celiac patients had increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL12/23p40 as compared to controls. Higher levels of cytokines were found in celiac patients with IBS than in those without IBS. No difference in levels of cytokines was found between patients with and without CD positive antibodies. A significant negative correlation between the mental component of QoL and IL-6 and IL12/23p40 levels was found, but not with IL-8. Conclusion: Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines were found in CD patients with IBS than in either those without IBS or controls, indicating that IBS symptoms are associated with an increase in the inflammatory response and a decrease in quality of life of CD patients. These differences in cytokine levels were not related to CD antibodies status suggesting that IBS, in CD, is related to a different inflammatory process than that which is relevant to CD.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la evidencia indica que la inflamación de bajo grado puede alterar la función motora y sensorial gastrointestinal y puede contribuir a la aparición de síntomas en el SII. Objetivo: Examinar la relación entre SII, anticuerpos contra enfermedades y títulos de citocinas en pacientes celíacos y un grupo de control. Materiales y métodos: se determinaron los síntomas de SII, actividad de CD y niveles séricos de IL-6, IL-8 e IL12 / 23p40 en pacientes celíacos y controles. Resultados: se incluyeron 123 pacientes celíacos, el 89% eran mujeres. El 59% demostró actividad de la enfermedad y el 32% cumplió con los criterios del SII. La prevalencia del SII no fue diferente entre los pacientes que se adhirieron o no se adhirieron a GFD, así como entre los pacientes con o sin anticuerpos positivos. Los pacientes celíacos tenían niveles aumentados de IL-6, IL-8 e IL12 / 23p40 en comparación con los controles. Se encontraron niveles más altos de citocinas en pacientes celíacos con SII que en aquellos sin SII. No se encontraron diferencias en los niveles de citocinas entre pacientes con y sin anticuerpos CD positivos. Se encontró una correlación negativa significativa entre el componente mental de la calidad de vida y los niveles de IL-6 e IL12 / 23p40, pero no con IL-8. Conclusión: Se encontraron niveles más altos de citocinas inflamatorias en pacientes con EC con SII que en aquellos sin SII o controles, lo que indica que los síntomas del SII están asociados con un aumento en la respuesta inflamatoria y una disminución en la calidad de vida de los pacientes con CD. Estas diferencias en los niveles de citocinas no estaban relacionadas con el estado de los anticuerpos contra la CD, lo que sugiere que el SII, en la CD, está relacionado con un proceso inflamatorio diferente al que es relevante para la CD.

Incidencia de tuberculosis en pacientes que reciben fármacos anti-TNF( / Incidence of tuberculosis in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-( blockers / Incidência de tuberculose em pacientes que recebem fármacos anti-TNF(

Resumen: Introducción: la tuberculosis (TB) es una complicación frecuente del uso de fármacos anti-TNF(. Ocurre por reactivación de una infección latente o por progresión de una infección reciente. Objetivos: conocer la incidencia de TB en la población que recibió fármacos anti- TNF(, analizar las formas de presentación y la realización de pesquisa de infección latente previo al inicio del tratamiento. Método: estudio de cohorte retrospectiva. Se incluyeron los pacientes que recibieron fármacos anti- TNF( entre 2010 y 2016. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sistemas informáticos del Fondo Nacional de Recursos y del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis. Se calculó la incidencia de TB y se describieron los casos que desarrollaron TB. Resultados: se incluyeron 991 tratamientos para un total de 980 pacientes. Se reportaron nueve casos de TB. La incidencia global fue de 419,9 (IC 95% 191,9-591,2) por 100.000 personas/año. Solo hubo casos de TB en pacientes tratados con adalimumab. El cribado de infección tuberculosa latente (ITBL) previo al inicio del fármaco fue heterogéneo y predominaron las formas de TB diseminadas (6/9) sobre la afectación pulmonar aislada (3/9). En todos los casos se suspendió el anti- TNF( al diagnóstico de TB y en ningún caso se retomó. Conclusiones: la incidencia de TB en la población de pacientes bajo tratamiento con anti- TNF( fue 16,5 veces mayor que en la población general. Predominaron las formas de TB diseminadas y se dieron casos en sujetos que habían recibido tratamiento de ITBL previo al inicio del fármaco, sugiriendo que el riesgo persiste mientras exista exposición a éste.

Summary: Introduction: tuberculosis (TB) is a frequent complication in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-() blockers. It occurs upon the reactivation of a latent infection or the progression of a recent infection. Objective: to learn about the incidence of TB in a population receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-() blockers, to analyze the presentation of this condition and to conduct a latent infection research prior to the initiation of therapy. Method: retrospective cohort study. Patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-() blockers between 2010 and 2016 were included in the study. Data were obtained from the IT systems of the National Resources Fund and the National Tuberculosis Program. The incidence of TB was calculated and the cases developing TB were described. Results: 991 treatments were included for 980 patients in total. 9 cases of TB were reported. Global incidence was 419.9 (IC 95% 191.9-591.2) out of 100,000 people per year. Cases of TB were only seen in patients treated with adalimumab. Screening for LTBI upon initiation of the drug was heterogeneous and the disseminated forms of TB prevailed (6/9) over isolated pulmonary affectation (3/9). In all cases anti- TNF( was suspended when TB was diagnosed, and it was not reinitiated. Conclusions: the incidence of TB in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-() blockers was 16.5 times greater than in the general population. Disseminated forms of TB prevailed, and some cases occurred in individuals who had received LTBI therapy prior to the initiation of the drug, suggesting the risk persists as long as there is exposure to the drug.

Resumo: Introdução: a tuberculose (TB) é uma complicação frequente do uso de fármacos anti- TNF(. É causada pela reativação de uma infecção latente ou pela evolução de uma infecção recente. Objetivos: conhecer a incidência de TB na população que recebeu fármacos anti- TNF(, analisar as formas de apresentação e a realização de pesquisa de infecção latente prévia ao início do tratamento. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectivo. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes que receberam fármacos anti- TNF( no período 2010-2016. Os dados foram obtidos dos registros informatizados do Fondo Nacional de Recursos e do Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis. A incidência de TB foi calculada e foram descritos os casos que desenvolveram esta patologia. Resultados: foram incluídos 991 tratamentos para um total de 980 pacientes. Nove casos de TB foram registrados. A incidência global foi de 419,9 (IC 95% 191,9-591,2) por 100.000 pessoas/ano. Somente foram registrados casos de TB em pacientes tratados com adalimumab. A triagem de infecção tuberculosa latente (ITBL) prévia ao início do fármaco foi heterogênea e predominaram as formas de TB disseminadas (6/9) sobre a pulmonar isolada (3/9). Em todos os casos o uso de anti- TNF( foi suspenso definitivamente quando o diagnóstico de TB foi realizado. Conclusões: a incidência de TB na população de pacientes em tratamento com anti- TNF( foi 16,5 vezes maior que na população em geral. Predominaram as formas disseminadas de TB e foram registrados casos em pacientes que haviam recebido tratamento para ITBL prévio ao início do fármaco, sugerindo que o risco persiste enquanto houver exposição a este.

¿Coartación de aorta en el recién nacido? No siempre es lo que parece: a propósito de un caso / Coarctation of aorta in a neonate? It is not always what it seems: an illustrative case

La coartación de aorta en neonatos se puede manifestar como insuficiencia cardíaca según el grado de obstrucción. Hay situaciones que pueden simular una coartación de aorta en los recién nacidos. Limitarse a la imagen típica de muesca aórtica en la ecocardiografía para diagnosticar una coartación de aorta puede inducir a error y demorar el diagnóstico adecuado. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido con insuficiencia cardíaca con diagnóstico inicial de coartación de aorta y, posteriormente, de malformación arteriovenosa cerebral. Se debe considerar la malformación arteriovenosa en el diagnóstico diferencial de un recién nacido con insuficiencia cardíaca.

Coarctation of the aorta in neonates can manifest as heart failure when there is a certain degree of obstruction. There are some situations that can simulate a coarctation of the aorta in newborns. Diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta based solely on the typical aortic arch image on echocardiography can be misleading and delay an accurate diagnosis. We describe an unusual case of a newborn with heart failure who was initially diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta and then with cerebral arteriovenous malformation. We must consider the cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the differential diagnosis of a newborn with heart failure.

[Coarctation of aorta in a neonate? It is not always what it seems: an illustrative case]. / ¿Coartación de aorta en el recién nacido? No siempre es lo que parece: a propósito de un caso.

Coarctation of the aorta in neonates can manifest as heart failure when there is a certain degree of obstruction. There are some situations that can simulate a coarctation of the aorta in newborns. Diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta based solely on the typical aortic arch image on echocardiography can be misleading and delay an accurate diagnosis. We describe an unusual case of a newborn with heart failure who was initially diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta and then with cerebral arteriovenous malformation. We must consider the cerebral arteriovenous malformation in the differential diagnosis of a newborn with heart failure.

La coartación de aorta en neonatos se puede manifestar como insuficiencia cardíaca según el grado de obstrucción. Hay situaciones que pueden simular una coartación de aorta en los recién nacidos. Limitarse a la imagen típica de muesca aórtica en la ecocardiografía para diagnosticar una coartación de aorta puede inducir a error y demorar el diagnóstico adecuado. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido con insuficiencia cardíaca con diagnóstico inicial de coartación de aorta y, posteriormente, de malformación arteriovenosa cerebral. Se debe considerar la malformación arteriovenosa en el diagnóstico diferencial de un recién nacido con insuficiencia cardíaca.

Modelos epidemiológicos en la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2: concepto, aplicaciones y alcance / Epidemiological models in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: concept, applications and scope / Modelos epidemiológicos na pandemia de SARS-CoV-2: conceito, aplicações e escopo

Resumen: La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, un nuevo coronavirus surgido en 2019, ha determinado una emergencia sanitaria y social mundial. Cada país optó por tomar acciones teniendo en cuenta su experiencia, analizando el impacto en las áreas de la salud, en lo económico y social, y aprendiendo de las experiencias comunicadas por otros países. El desarrollo de modelos epidemiológicos para obtener curvas estimativas de la situación de la enfermedad en la población y poder proyectar su evolución, adquiere especial importancia en un contexto de extrema incertidumbre, complejidad y dinamismo.

Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a new coronavirus that emerged in 2019, has led to a global health and social emergency. Each country chose to take actions taking into account their experience, analyzing the impact in the areas of health, economically and socially, and learning from the experiences reported by other countries. The development of epidemiological models to obtain estimating curves of the disease situation in the population and to project its evolution, acquires special importance in a context of extreme uncertainty, complexity and dynamism.

Resumo: A pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, um novo coronavírus que surgiu em 2019, levou a uma emergência social e de saúde global. Cada país optou por tomar ações levando em consideração sua experiência, analisando o impacto nas áreas da saúde, econômica e socialmente, e aprendendo com as experiências relatadas por outros países. O desenvolvimento de modelos epidemiológicos para obter curvas de estimativa da situação da doença na população e projetar sua evolução, adquire importância especial em um contexto de extrema incerteza, complexidade e dinamismo.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of cesarean delivery and other uterine surgery as risk factors for placenta accreta.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of placenta accreta has increased in recent years and it has been suggested that the rising trend in cesarean delivery and other uterine surgery is the underlying cause. OBJECTIVE: To explore the magnitude of the effect of performing single and repeat cesarean deliveries or other uterine surgery on the incidence of placenta accreta. SEARCH STRATEGY: Relevant databases were searched for papers published before August 1, 2018, using terms including "accreta" and "cesarean." SELECTION CRITERIA: Cohort studies assessing the risk of placenta accreta according to women's history of uterine surgery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Meta-analyses were performed to assess the risks associated between uterine surgery and placenta accreta, hysterectomy, and uterine rupture. The I2 statistic was used to examine between-study heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: The risk of placenta accreta in a second pregnancy increased for women who had undergone a cesarean in their first pregnancy compared with vaginal delivery (OR 3.02; 95% CI, 1.50-6.08). Absolute risk of placenta accreta increased with the number of previous cesareans. The risk of uterine rupture and hysterectomy was also associated with the number of cesareans. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of placenta accreta, hysterectomy, and uterine rupture increases with the number of previous cesarean deliveries. PROSPERO: CRD42016050646.

Efectos de una intervención de reducción del estrés basada en Mindfulness (MBSRP) sobre parámetros clínicos en la Artritis Reumatoidea / Effects of a Mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention (MBSRP) on clinical parameters in Rheumatoid Arthritis / Efeitos de uma intervenção de redução do estresse baseada em Mindfulness (MBSRP) sobre parâmetros clínicos na artrite reumatóide

Resumen: La artritis reumatoide es un trastorno autoinmune sistémico que causa inflamación extensa y persistente de las articulaciones. La inflamación persistente da lugar a muchas manifestaciones sistémicas y extraarticulares que afectan a la mayoría de los sistemas orgánicos, dando lugar a complicaciones graves y comorbilidades. El estrés psicológico es un factor provocador importante de los síntomas en las enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas. En los últimos años, el interés por abordar la respuesta al estrés a través de prácticas como la meditación ha aumentado asombrosamente, a pesar de la escasez de pruebas de que los beneficios reportados son específicos de esa práctica. La presente revisión sistemática se propone como objetivo evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de técnicas de meditación como tratamiento complementario de la AR. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se consultaron las bases de datos Colaboración Cochrane, MEDLINE, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Plataforma de Registro Internacional de Ensayos clínicos para todos los ensayos registrados y en curso de realización y Clinicaltrials.gov Los datos extraídos se incluyeron en el kit de herramientas COVIDENCE y en el software REVMAN de la colaboración Cochrane. No pudo realizarse meta-análisis realizándose una síntesis narrativa de los resultados. Conclusiones: la técnica de Atención Plena (MBSR) es beneficiosa como tratamiento complementario de la Artritis Reumatoide, modificándose parámetros clínicos, pero con resultados heterogéneos en cuanto a los marcadores séricos de inflamación.

Abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder that causes extensive and persistent inflammation of the joints. Persistent inflammation leads to many systemic and extra-articular manifestations that affect most of the organ systems, leading to serious complications and comorbidities. Psychological stress is a major provocative factor of symptoms in chronic inflammatory diseases. In recent years, interest in addressing the stress response through practices such as meditation has increased dramatically, despite the paucity of evidence that the benefits reported are specific to that practice. The present systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of meditation techniques as a complementary treatment of RA. A systematic review of the literature was carried out. The databases Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, World Health Organization, International Registry Platform of Clinical Trials for all the trials registered and in progress and Clinicaltrials.gov were consulted. extracted data were included in the COVIDENCE toolkit and in the REVMAN software of the Cochrane collaboration. Meta-analysis could not be performed, making a narrative synthesis of the results. Conclusions: the technique of Full Attention (MBSR) is beneficial as a complementary treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, modifying clinical parameters, but with heterogeneous results in terms of serum markers of inflammation.

Resumo: A artrite reumatóide é um distúrbio auto-imune sistêmico que causa inflamação generalizada e persistente das articulações. A inflamação persistente leva a muitas manifestações sistêmicas e extra-articulares que afetam a maioria dos sistemas orgânicos, levando a sérias complicações e comorbidades. O estresse psicológico é um dos principais fatores desencadeantes dos sintomas nas doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Nos últimos anos, o interesse em abordar a resposta ao estresse por meio de práticas como a meditação aumentou dramaticamente, apesar da escassez de evidências de que os benefícios relatados são específicos dessa prática. A presente revisão sistemática tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia e segurança das técnicas de meditação como tratamento complementar para AR. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada. os bancos de dados Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, Organização Mundial da Saúde, Plataforma de Registo Internacional de Ensaios Clínicos para todos os ensaios registrados e em andamento e consultou dados Clinicaltrials.gov extraído incluído no kit de ferramentas e Covidence no software REVMAN da colaboração Cochrane. Meta-análise não pôde ser realizada, fazendo uma síntese narrativa dos resultados. Conclusões técnica Mindfulness (MBSR) é benéfico como tratamento adjuvante de artrite reumatóide, modificando os parâmetros clínicos, mas com heterogénea em marcadores séricos de inflamação resulta.

Humo de tabaco en vehículos: medición de partículas de materia 2. 5 micras / Smoking in vehicles: measurement of 2. 5 PM matter particles

Introducción: proteger a la población del humo de segunda mano (HSM) es uno de los principios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en el marco del control del tabaco. Existen pocos datos acerca de la exposición de HSM en vehículos en América del Sur. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el nivel de dicha exposición. Materiales y método: se midieron niveles de micropartículas de materia de 2,5 micras de diámetro (PM2,5) que vehiculizan el HSM en la vía aérea, en modelos experimentales en autos de fumadores y no fumadores. Resultados: la media de la concentración de PM2,5 fue de 181 µg/m3 en los autos de fumadores y de 0 µg/m3 en los autos de no fumadores (p <0,001). La máxima concentración fue de 2.900 µg/m3 en un auto de fumador estacionado con la ventanilla del conductor parcialmente abierta. Conclusiones: las concentraciones de PM2,5 en vehículos en los que se fuma alcanzó niveles altos, similares a los que se encuentran en ciertos países con políticas de control de tabaco débiles. Este hecho determina la necesidad de nuevas políticas públicas para eliminar el HSM de los vehículos para proteger la salud pública. (AU)

Introduction: Protection from second-hand smoke (SHS) is one of the main principles of the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Limited data is available on SHS exposure in vehicles in South America. This study aimed to assess the levels of exposure. Methods: Levels of respirable and fine suspended particles with 2.5 micrometres or less (PM2.5) diameter were measured in different models in smokers' and non-smoker´s vehicles. Results: Median PM2.5 concentration was 181 µg/m3 in "smoking vehicles" and 0 µg/m3 in "non-smoking vehicles" (p<0.001). The highest concentration reached 2.900 µg/m3 in a parked car with the driver's window partially open. Conclusions: Concentration of PM2.5 in vehicles reached high levels, similar to those at certain sites in countries with weak tobacco control policies. These facts underscore a need for new public policies to eliminate SHS in vehicles to protect public health.

Introdução: um dos princípios da Organização Mundial da Saúde no contexto do controle do tabaquismo é proteger a população da fumaça de segunda-mão (HSM). Existem poucos dados sobre a exposição de HSM em veículos na América do Sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar um mecanismo para determinar o nível desta exposição. Materiais e métodos: utilizando modelos experimentais em veículos de fumantes e não fumantes foram medidos os níveis de micropartículas de matéria de 2,5 micras de diâmetro (PM2,5) transportados pela HSM na via aérea. Resultados: á concentração média de PM2,5 foi 181 µg/m3 nos automóveis de fumantes e 0 µg/m3 nos automóveis de não fumantes (p<0.001). A concentração máxima de 2.900 µg/m3 foi encontrada no automóvel estacionado de um fumante com a janela do motorista parcialmente aberta. Conclusões: as concentrações de PM2,5 em veículos de fumantes alcançou níveis altos, similares aos encontrados em alguns países com políticas de controle de tabaco débeis. Este fato determina a necessidade de novas políticas públicas para eliminar a HSM dos veículos para proteger a saúde pública.

Global burden of disease among teenagers in Uruguay and its comparison with Latin America and the Caribbean. / Carga de enfermedad de los adolescentes en Uruguay y su comparación con la de América Latina y el Caribe.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescence is considered a healthy stage of life and therefore little studied. This study described mortality over time in teenagers in Uruguay and analysed the burden of disease at this stage of life by the measure of Years of Life Lost by Premature Death in Uruguay and by comparison with rates in Latin America and the Caribbean by sex, cause and sub-region. METHODOLOGY: Secondary data sources used were the national registry of deaths in Uruguay, the first Global Burden of Disease study in Uruguay and the information on the data visualisation page of the Institute of Metrics and Health Evaluation. Data were extracted by the authors and displayed in tables and graphs. RESULTS: Teenager mortality held roughly stable between 1997 and 2015. More years were lost to premature death among Uruguayan men, the main causes being traffic accidents, self-inflicted injuries and violence. The same behaviour occurs throughout the region. CONCLUSIONS: The social determinants of health connected with poverty and inequality play a role in the development of depression, risky and violent behaviour, which possibly explain the loss of years due to premature death in adolescence.

Introducción. La adolescencia es considerada una etapa de buena salud y por tanto poco estudiada. El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución de la mortalidad en adolescentes en Uruguay y analizar la carga de enfermedad en esta etapa de la vida, a través de la medida de los Años de Vida Perdidos por Muerte Prematura en Uruguay y su comparación con los de América Latina y el Caribe según sexo, causa y subregión. Metodología. Se utilizaron fuentes de datos secundarias: el registro nacional de defunciones del Uruguay, el primer estudio de Carga Global de Enfermedad en Uruguay y la información presentada por la página de visualización de datos del Instituto de Métricas y Evaluación en Salud. Resultados. La mortalidad en los adolescentes se ha mantenidos aproximadamente estable entre 1997 y 2015. Loa años perdidos por muerte prematura para el Uruguay son más en los hombres y sus principales causas son los accidentes de tránsito, heridas auto infringidas y violencia. El mismo comportamiento se presenta en la región. Conclusiones. Los determinantes sociales de la salud vinculados a la pobreza e inequidad tienen un rol en el desarrollo de depresión, conductas riesgosas y violentas que posiblemente expliquen la perdida de años por muerte prematura en esta etapa de la vida.